Political Correctness Has Gone Too Far Essay -- History Censorship Arg

Political Correctness has Gone Too FarThe Politically Correct movements purpose is to bring historically condescending terms, offensive music and art, and controversial educational content to an end and replace them with more positive and less-offending references. Offensive and demoralizing efforts are wrong, but the security review and deletion of words and phrases that do not contain the intention to demoralize are taking political correctness too far. Politically correct (or PC) antics take over created a social decline that is growing worse with each generation, specifically regarding areas of art, education, speech communication, and our right to freedom of speech the degradation they have brought to the American head teacher has even led to telephone-changing.The PC mindset has to a fault discouraged artistic expression. Imagine being to be so sensitive about offending plurality that we let the art we create be determined by the off stop. New art would be restricted and old art would be censored. The creative expertness would be limited to what is considered acceptable by everyone. We would be like the fool who tries to please everyone. How would music and art exist if the free reign of creativity ended? If art and music continue to face influential restrictions on content, then the quality of art will fall into artistic mediocrity. PC policies have also compromised the accuracy of educational content in textbooks. Material close to being offensive is removed or adjusted to satisfy the super-sensitive or to avoid all unforeseen complaints. For example, American Indians cant be depicted with long braids, in rural settings, or on reservations, even though many American Indians do have long braids and live in rural settings or on reservations. If the depictions of our historical figures are incorrect, then the new PC textbooks should ensure their historical accuracy and indite each change appropriately. In addition, if the information is correct bu t is being altered to satisfy sensitive groups, it should be changed back, regardless of the offending potential. How far could this get? Will we continue to erase provocative and controversial details of our level? It dumbs down our textbooks, leaving them bland and far less interesting. This effort to cleanse our history is wrong and it is killing our education efforts/system today. We are becoming more aware of the sen... ...n the January 1993 Library Journal, makes a similar suggestion Ultimately, however, we hope we use language that is more sensitive without enforcing strident political correctness or orthodoxy. We, as a society, are so concerned about avoiding confrontations that we are going overboard changing non-offensive names. The attempt to avoid possible protests of sensitive pressure groups by sanitizing our language is, in my opinion, censorship. Changing a mans career name from trashman to custodial engineer is an example that is justifiable and is why political correctness was brought about. It is the oversensitive effort to numb out historical content, which is neither offensive nor demeaning, which leads me to suppose that political correctness has gone too far and needs to be stopped.BibliographyFialkoff, Francine. The Word Police. Library Journal 118 (1993)25. S.I. Hayakawa and Alan R Hayakawa, Words with Built-in Judgments. Language Awareness, Readings for College Writers. Ed. capital of Minnesota Escholz, Alfred Rosa, Virginia Clark. Bedfort/St. Martins Boston, New York, 2004. 229-234 Wikipedia the Free Online Encyclopedia. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowman 2004

Individual Freedom vs. Majority Rule Essay -- Politics Political Scien

Individual emancipation vs. Majority Rule Freedom is one of the most central and certainly most emotive issues in political philosophy. It has been discussed since the times of ancient Greece, and is still as controversial and divisive a topic as ever. This move deals with two separate questions concerning independence Firstly, why we consider freedom necessary, and secondly, what exactly is meant by freedom. Clearly, the ser immorality to the second part will greatly affect the answer to the first, but it shall be seen that it is a real challenging task to arrive at a definition of freedom. It is possible, however, to make this job easier by not strictly defining freedom, and using an examination into the dynamism of freedom to help form this definition. This will be done below. One of the first issues to be resolved is the relationship in the midst of freedom and liberty. There has been several theses proposing a distinction between these two concepts. Theorists such as Belaief and Pitkin claim that liberty is a political term, while freedom is metaphysical. This distinction, however, is a false one. The only exit between these two toll is linguistic convenience. To illustrate, in the example above, liberty could be described as political freedom. This shows the error in the app arnt distinction. The two price are synonymous, and will be used interchangeably in the remainder of this essay. We use the terms freedom and liberty in everyday language without giving much musical theme to a detailed description of the concept to which these terms refer. It is possible, to a certain degree, to examine why we see freedom as morally good, also without solely defining it. The investigation into a definition of freedom wi... ...as a whole. In answering this final question raised, the conclusion to the essay emerges. We have seen how difficult it is to merely define liberty as a wholeness conception, but have discovered many properties that a statement of freedom must posses. In the question between the conflicts of freedom, where two persons individual freedoms create a zero-sum game, the idea of social freedom emerges, and the idea that it is possible for there to be restrictions on an individuals freedom that are morally desirable. To best, and most simply explain in what sense we want people to be free, a balance must be found between the extent to which society may restrict an individuals freedom, and vice versa. As can be seen by observing politics throughout the ages, it is finding this balance that has turn up to be the most challenging aspect of the ongoing question of freedom. Individual Freedom vs. Majority Rule Essay -- Politics Political ScienIndividual Freedom vs. Majority Rule Freedom is one of the most central and certainly most emotive issues in political philosophy. It has been discussed since the times of ancient Greece, and is still as controversial and divisive a topic as ever . This question deals with two separate questions concerning freedom Firstly, why we consider freedom necessary, and secondly, what exactly is meant by freedom. Clearly, the answer to the second part will greatly affect the answer to the first, but it shall be seen that it is a very challenging task to arrive at a definition of freedom. It is possible, however, to make this job easier by not strictly defining freedom, and using an examination into the desirability of freedom to help form this definition. This will be done below. One of the first issues to be resolved is the relationship between freedom and liberty. There has been several theses proposing a distinction between these two concepts. Theorists such as Belaief and Pitkin claim that liberty is a political term, while freedom is metaphysical. This distinction, however, is a false one. The only difference between these two terms is linguistic convenience. To illustrate, in the example above, liberty could be described as political freedom. This shows the error in the apparent distinction. The two terms are synonymous, and will be used interchangeably in the remainder of this essay. We use the terms freedom and liberty in everyday language without giving much thought to a detailed description of the concept to which these terms refer. It is possible, to a certain degree, to examine why we see freedom as morally good, also without completely defining it. The investigation into a definition of freedom wi... ...as a whole. In answering this final question raised, the conclusion to the essay emerges. We have seen how difficult it is to simply define liberty as a single conception, but have discovered many properties that a statement of freedom must posses. In the question between the conflicts of freedom, where two persons individual freedoms create a zero-sum game, the idea of social freedom emerges, and the idea that it is possible for there to be restrictions on an individuals freedom that a re morally desirable. To best, and most simply explain in what sense we want people to be free, a balance must be found between the extent to which society may restrict an individuals freedom, and vice versa. As can be seen by observing politics throughout the ages, it is finding this balance that has proven to be the most challenging aspect of the ongoing question of freedom.

Immortal Life vs. Immortal Name: Gilgamesh and Beowulf Essay -- Englis

Immortal Life vs. Immortal Name Gilgamesh and BeowulfDeath. Fate. Immortality. Destiny. All atomic number 18 subjects that we t obliterate to avoid. While most of us foretaste for life after death, we tend not to dwell on this subject because we are uncomfortable with the unknown. On those rare occasions when we allow ourselves to think approximately the feature that our days are numbered, we wonder if death can be cheated and immortality gained. Some have suggested that being remembered is just as enduring as animation forever. Thoughts of destiny and the here after are not new. They have engaged the hearts and minds of hands for ages. Two ancient stories that deal with this subject matter are The grand of Gilgamesh and Beowulf. In these texts, the main characters, Gilgamesh and Beowulf, are obsessed with their fate. To the degree that these epics accurately reflect the society and culture of their own eras, one can see that men of these ancient times were as concerned about their ultimate destiny as we are. The epic stories of Gilgamesh and Beowulf illustrate that men and women throughout the ages have been keenly cognizant of their own mortality and that they long to live on eternally, if only in the memory of others.In the beginning of The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh, the ruler of ancient Uruk, is blessed with the founder of foresight. He has numerous dreams about his destiny and is very accepting of the fate that the gods have given him. The gods give Gilgamesh a dream and Enkidu interprets Gilgameshs vision concerning his fate. Enkidu says that Enlil, don of the gods has given you kingship, such is your destiny, everlasting life is not your destiny (Sandars 70). With this revelation Gilgamesh knows his destiny very early in his journey. Rather than becoming angry at the gods, Gilgamesh accepts the gods choice to not give him eternal life. Instead, Gilgamesh wants to set up his name in the place where the names of famous men are written, and wher e no earthly concerns name is written yet he lead raise a monument to the gods (70-1). Gilgamesh succeeds in his plan for making himself famous by maiden defeating the guardian of the forest, Humbaba, and shortly after, the bull of heaven. During these battles Gilgamesh declares that there is nothing to fear if I fall I leave behind me a name that endures (71). Having reconciled himself to the fact that fate has indeed determined when he will die, h... ...O, Gilgameshgreat is thy praise (119). The narrator is saying that the admiration of others is and will be great. This clearly shows that the people of Uruk will keep Gilgamesh alive in their minds. Beowulf will at some level attain everlasting life through the memory of his people as well.In Beowulf and Gilgamesh, both heroes desire to gain everlasting life. At one point, Gilgamesh believes that he can actually gain eternal life and change his destiny. Beowulf, and eventually Gilgamesh, end up gaining everlasting life through their monuments and the good deeds that their people will remember them by. The ancient societies depicted in The Epic of Gilgamesh and Beowulf are no doubt representative of the actual societies that existed during those time periods. These ancient people were greatly concerned with issues such as death, fate, and destiny. People of ancient times and modern build that even though one cannot escape death, one can to some degree achieve immortality, if only in the memories of those left behind.Works CitedLiuzza, Roy M., trans. Beowulf. Peterborough, ON Broadview, 1999.Sandars, N. K., trans. The Epic of Gilgamesh. New York Penguin, 1972.

Swords :: Essays Papers

Swords The sword was the predominant weapon of the knight during the Middle Ages. According to the Arms and Armor Glossary, Swords have a farsighted tapered, usually ii edged blade ranging from 32 to more than 72 In space ending in a point which was sometimes, but non always, used for thrusting. Knights used swords in battle because they were very uncontaminating. In weight, ranging from 3-5 pounds. The first metal swords were made of bronze, but later they were crafted of iron. From the period of the sixth century until the ordinal century the most popular weapon for both knights and squires was the broadsword. The broadsword is generally a two-edged sword that ranges in length from 30 to 42. This sword is 2 to 3 at the base and 1/16 to 1/8 at the point. A knight was able to fight all day with this weapon because of its light weight, yet it was heavy enough that it could inflict serious harm on anyone that was to get in its way. The broadsword is so dangerous be cause it works by concentrating the force of its blow. some other popular type of sword was the bastardsword. Bastardsword is the modern word for hand and a half sword. This blades popularity peaked during the fifteenth century. Being 44 to 50 in length this sword was longer than the traditional broadsword. Knights liked this sword because of its versatility, the extended handle allowed the blade to be used in either both hands or wielded in one hand. In general swords tend to weigh less than most people think. The pommels of many swords are thicker than they appear in most drawings and illustrations they are heavy in order to counter the blade. Over time the sword came to possess a very strong symbolic meaning, different virtues were assigned to the two edges of the sword. The two edges of the sword show that the knight serves both God and the people, and its point shows that all people must obey him. (Barber 36) The cross or quillion (a popular sixteenth century term) is another part of a sword. It was given this name because of its shape the quillion resembles a Christian cross, which subsequently furthers the symbolism of the sword.

The Day I Almost Lost My Father :: Personal Narrative Writing

The Day I Almost Lost My FatherOne sidereal day in the midst of summer, my friend Mike and I got off from a hard day of dissemble and were on our way to the mall. While at work we had planned to meet a few people there. I was going to be seeing my friend Jessica who I had not talked to in years. Before leaving, we halt off at our houses, took showers, and got ready. As I anxiously waited on the stairs for his car to roll into the promoteway, my mom said, Be careful and do not drive like an idiot. I obviously said alright and she was on her way. Minutes later I see my friend Mike pull into the driveway. I slipped my feet into my shoes and got in his car. We were almost to the mall when his phone rang. He picked it up and said, Hello? It was my mom and she wanted to speak to me. Upon putting the phone to my ear she t archaic me that I had to get on with home right away. She said that my dad had just gotten into a car crash and that I had to come home and watch my sister. I did no t screw how to break the news to Mike, that what we were anticipating all day would not happen. He was upset, but he understood what was going on. I came home thinking it was the same old same old he had gotten hit by a drunk driver, the car got totaled, and he was fine. This time was different. Normally when I ask what happened she says, You know your father, or something to that nature. This time was different she would not talk to me or tell me what happened. I later found out that my dad had shattered his hip and pelvis.This event greatly affected me, both emotionally and physically. My dad was in the hospital in a lot of pain because he shattered the two most huffy bones to break and I could not go see him because of my work schedule and because I had to watch my sister. Finally, after four long days I saw him. Even though he is my dad, I must say he was a mess. He could not move at all, and when he essay to he was in a lot of pain.

The Day I Almost Lost My Father :: Personal Narrative Writing

The Day I Almost Lost My FatherOne mean solar day in the midst of summer, my friend Mike and I got off from a hard day of exert and were on our way to the mall. While at work we had planned to meet a few people there. I was going to be seeing my friend Jessica who I had not talked to in years. Before leaving, we halt off at our houses, took showers, and got ready. As I anxiously waited on the stairs for his car to roll into the suitway, my mom said, Be careful and do not drive like an idiot. I obviously said alright and she was on her way. Minutes later I see my friend Mike pull into the driveway. I slipped my feet into my piazza and got in his car. We were almost to the mall when his phone rang. He picked it up and said, Hello? It was my mom and she wanted to speak to me. Upon putting the phone to my ear she t elder me that I had to get by home right away. She said that my dad had just gotten into a car crash and that I had to come home and watch my sister. I did not acknowle dge how to break the news to Mike, that what we were anticipating all day would not happen. He was upset, but he understood what was going on. I came home thinking it was the same old same old he had gotten hit by a drunk driver, the car got totaled, and he was fine. This time was different. Normally when I ask what happened she says, You know your father, or something to that nature. This time was different she would not talk to me or tell me what happened. I later found out that my dad had shattered his hip and pelvis.This event greatly affected me, both emotionally and physically. My dad was in the hospital in a lot of pain because he shattered the two most pestiferous bones to break and I could not go see him because of my work schedule and because I had to watch my sister. Finally, after four long days I saw him. Even though he is my dad, I must say he was a mess. He could not move at all, and when he act to he was in a lot of pain.

Ancient Chinese Innovations

Ancient Chinese Innovations Jennifer E Strayer University Humanities 111 Ancient Chinese Innovations The ancient Chinese culture has probably contri buted more to the advancement of humans than any other. In Chinas long history they urinate shown us many extremely important inventions. In the modern world we take a lot of these innovations for granted even though we use many of them on a daily basis. I have often wondered who invented many items I use and it surprised me to find out that most things I use and sooner possibly cannot live without were invented in ancient China.What would we do if paper had not been invented we may still be etching on stone and bones? Cai Lun successfully invented the very first batch of paper victimization fish nets and tree bark around 105 BCE. The invention of potbelly paper would not have been possible without making paper first. Navigation was made easier with the invention of the cranial orbit. Would marinara sauce taste as good if it were not covering pasta or ravioli? Pasta was invented around 300 BCE, nearly 2000 years before the Italian or the Arabs. Would the wars of the world ended the way they did without gunpowder?Around 850 CE, Chinese alchemist notice gunpowder while searching for immortality. Many historical records and books might not have been made if it were not for the ease of moveable- grammatical case printing, which allowed for mass production of written material. earthquake detection is another invention that many might not have lived without it. The early seismograph created during the Han dynasty around 132 CE used a pendulum to alert for a advance earthquake. While it is not known who first invented the sundial, the first mechanical clock was an important innovation by the ancient Chinese. Clark, 2009 Laudan, 2000 University C. , n. d Unknown, Top 10 superior inventions of ancient China, 2007) I think the four most innovative inventions given to us by China are the compass, toilet paper, moveable -type printing and the sundial. The magnetic compass was first made somewhere between 221-206 BCE during the Qin dynasty. The original use was in fortune telling until it was discovered that it was better used at pointing out unfeigned directions. Originally used as padding or packing material n the second century BCE, the early Chinese writers mention using toilet paper as we do today as early as 589 BCE. The Chinese invented Woodblock printing over 2,000 years ago. Bi Sheng invented moveable clay type printing from which all later printing methods were developed from. The worlds first clock was invented by Yi Xing, a Buddhist monk and mathematician, his clock operated by having water drip onto a wheel that made a revolution every 24 hours. Hundreds of years later Su Song, an astronomer and mechanist, created what we know as the origin of the modern clock. Bellis, n. d University C. , n. d Unknown, Top 10 greatest inventions of ancient China, 2007) Our modern world was created on the foundation of these innovations, they have been improved upon and upgraded over the centuries but the basic ideas remain the same. If there were one of these inventions that I simply would not necessity to live without it would have to be toilet paper. While water was the everyday way to cleanse after each trip to the bathroom, the convenience and ease of using toilet paper had travelers to China commenting about peoples cleanliness as early as 851 CE.In any natural disaster one key thing is sanitation toilet paper is much more sanitary than using your hand and some water. A few months ago I saw a documentary called No Impact Man, where Colin Beaven, his wife and daughter, took part in a yearlong experiment to see if they could go that long and not impact the environment. One of the experiments was if they could go a year without using toilet paper. They did it, using material instead, just like cloth diapers, wash and reuse. While I know now that I could survive without toi let paper, I simply would not want to. Rowles, 2010) Works Cited Barsoum, D. M. (2006, December 18). Solving the Mysteries of the Pyramids. Retrieved January 23, 2012, from Department of Materials Science & Engineering http//www. materials. drexel. edu/News/Item/? i=948 Bellis, M. (n. d). The Compass and other Magnetic Innovations. Retrieved February 25, 2012, from inventors. About. com http//inventors. about. com/od/cstartinventions/a/Compass. htm Clark, J. (2009, butt on 9). Top 10 Ancient Chinese Inventions. Retrieved February 17, 2012, from HowStuffWorks. com

Compare and Contrast the Response of Economic Policymakers to the Great Depression of the 1930’s and the Great Financial Crisis Today.

David Pattinson industrialisation, Imperialism and Globalisation The World Economy since 1800 Professor John Singleton Compare and contrast the resolution of frugal politymakers to the grand drop-off of the 1930s and the great(p) monetary Crisis today. Essay 2 10/1/13 Word count 2,299 The financial crisis that began in 2007-8 was the graduation exercise time since the 1930s that both(prenominal)(prenominal) the major European countries and the US had been involved in a financial crisis.com/financial-statements-2/Financial StatementsIn comparison, the disastrous 1931 banking crisis involved countries that accounted for 55. 6 per centime of world GDP, whereas the banking crisis of 2007-8 only involved countries that accounted for 33. 5 per cent of world GDP. Though, all the key stinting variables fell at a faster rate du bunch the first year of the later crisis. Keynes had argued in 1931 that there is a possibility that when this crisis is looked rearwards upon by the econo mic historian of the future it forget be seen to mark iodin the major turning points. Keynes was correct.As a result of the lessons that were learned, policy in result to the expectant Financial Crisis has contrasted sharply with policy during the Great drop-off era. I will examine how discipline policy responses and internationalistic co-operation call for differed, as well as highlighting how in creating the Euro, policymakers go unwittingly replicated many of the structural weaknesses of the atomic number 79 Standard. I will also consider how policy in the recovery phase has so far compared to policy during the recovery from the Great Depression.The Great Depression was marked by bank failures. A total of 9,096 banks failed between 1930 and 1933 amounting to 2. 0% of GDP. Friedman and Schwartz highlight the failure to increase the money supply whilst liquidity was preposterous as the primary cause. Bordo and Landon-Lane provide econometric analysis using examiners rep orts on failed banks that support this argument. Epstein and Ferguson have suggested that federal official Reserve officials at a lower placestood that monetary conditions were tight but believed that a contraction was a necessary corrective. The otion that governments should let nature take its course formed a central pillar of the contemporary economic orthodoxy. However, other economic historians have pointed out that federal officials believed that monetary policy was actually loose, collectable to them conflating low nominal interest place with low real interest rates (which were high as a result of deflation). Wicker argues that Federal Reserve officials feared that open market purchases would renew gold outflow by bring into indecision the Federal Reserves commitment to maintaining gold convertibility.When faced with a policy choice the Federal Reserve always opted to support the Gold Standard. rather than shore up the battered banking remains, the Federal Reserve rais ed interest rates during late 1931 and the winter of 1932-3 to protect the dollar from speculation in ramble to halt gold losses. Regardless of the deficiencies of Federal Reserve policy, the US entered the 1930s with a poorly regulated banking system that was undercapitalised and based on unit banking. Calomiris and stonemason argue that eventually, banking collapse would have been inevitable.In general, economists argue that the depth of the downturn is explained by the monetary shocks interacting with the dramatic falls in demand (that emanated from the collapse in enthronisation and consumption). Loss of income and uncertain employment conditions combined to undermine consumer spending, whilst there was little incentive to invest while prices were falling. Deflation also increased the burden of existing debt. pecuniary policy did not fill the gap in demand as belief in the Gold Standard and balanced budgets prevailed.A coherent theoretical justification for expansionary fisc al policy was absent from the contemporary economic discourse. Expansionary fiscal policy remained unused, even after states left the Gold Standard. In Europe, fears of inflation weighed heavy on the minds of policymakers. The dominant view in Washington was that over-production was responsible for the crisis. Consequently, the New Deal spending was funded by tax increases. Roosevelt concentrated on limiting competition, sharing locomote and promoting high wages in order to increase purchasing power.Cole and Ohanian argue that these policies undermined the recovery by raising real wages and unemployment. The consensus view is that, by rank monetary and fiscal policy towards maintaining gold parity, the Gold Standard transmitted the crisis to the rest of the world. The return to the Gold Standard, after the First World War, was wild. Countries such as France and Belgium joined at exchange rates that were well below their 1913 levels which gave them a substantial competitive advant age. Conversely, after a deflationary squeeze, the UK re-joined at its 1913 exchange rates, expiration the sterling over-valued.The US and France exasperated the problem, by sterilising (so not to inflate the money supply) the gold that they accumulated (sixty per cent of the worlds gold supply by 1928). The lack of reserves forced many countries into further deflation. The world economy could only be kept going by the US economy keep to absorb imports and provide international lending to cover gold shortages. By 1928, the US proved unwilling to do the latter and was eventually unable to do the former. During the depression, this austerity debilitated economies and resulted in banking collapses, notably in Germany and Austria.In response to the systemic threat posed by the imminent German banking collapse, the nations in a note to offer assistance acted unilaterally. President Hoover proposed a one year moratorium on reparations and war debt. The French, furious at the lack of co nsultation opposed the measure, believe that they lost more than they gained. Instead, they made an offer of answer to the Germans that attached political conditions that made it impossible for the Germans to accept. Ultimately, international co-operation proved impossible as states that were able to help were unwilling to risk their own privileged positions.Between 1929 and 1932, the volume of world tidy sum fell by 25%, about half of which was due to higher trade barriers. The Smoot-Hawley function in 1930 is often cited as the genesis of protectionist policies, but Irwin points out that the protectionist avalanche did not begin until the world financial crisis struck in 1931. Irwin locates the incipiency of this round of protectionism in the open economy trilemma which limits countries to choosing two of three objectives a fixed exchange rate, an independent monetary policy, and open trade policies.In attempting to marry social status of the Gold Standard with independent mo netary policy, policymakers adopted protectionist measures. Countries that maintained gold parity such as France and Switzerland used import quotas on 50-60% of their imports. Whereas, the Sterling barricado countries which allowed their currencies to devalue, only used import quotas on 5-10% of their imports. In the wake of the financial meltdown, policymakers in the US attempted significant banking reform with the Emergency Banking Act in 1933 followed by the Banking Acts of 1933 and 1935. Deposit insurance was created, and it brought an end to bank runs.The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was formed to provide capital to banks. It was successful to the extent that it owned nervous strain in nearly half of all commercial banks by March 1934. Investment and commercial banking were separated, though White has provided evidence that banks that engaged in both commercial and investment banking were better diversified and were less likely to fail than banks that specialised in jus t one area. Calomiris also sees the legislation as flawed, as it preserved unit banking, which was a major source of instability in the banking system.The Great Depression altered economic thinking and policy. Hannah and Temin argue that it led to an idiom on correcting market failures through government intervention. Federal spending rose, and inter-state transfers became acceptable. Though, unlike the UK, there was no move to Keynesian demand management in the US. The Great Depression also left a legacy in terms of the macroeconomic trilemma. Controls on international capital movements remained with the return to pegged exchange rates under the Bretton Woods Agreement which allowed independent monetary policy.Economists such as Wray have seen the policy legacy of the Great Depression as having constrained the destabilising role compete by finance. Moreover, it provided the framework for an unprecedented period of prosperity after the Second World War. In response to the Great Fi nancial Crisis, policymakers have been largely sensible of the lessons of the 1930s. The Federal Reserve officials of the 1930s argued that they could not increase credit by purchasing government securities as they were not eligible as collateral.In contrast, based on Bernankes view that banking collapse leads to a failure of the credit allocation mechanism, the Federal Reserve combining with the Treasury created a range of extensions to its discount window to encompass every kind of collateral in the hope of unblocking the credit markets. States co-ordinated massive injections of liquidity (double digits fractions of GDP in advanced economies). The Bank of England, the Bank of lacquer and the Federal Reserve undertook large scale quantitative easing. Interest rates were reduced to al about zero in the US and Britain and to very low levels in Europe and elsewhere.Governments nationalised insolvent institutions deemed too big to fail such as Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae in the Unite d States, BNP Paribus in France and nothern Rock in Britain. condescension Chinas minimal direct exposure to the financial crisis, its response to the downturn in demand has been sweeping. Focusing on developing infrastructure it undertook a stimulus package that amounted to 14% of GDP in 2008. Keen notes that the massive amount of government spending in 2010 meant that government debt was responsible for 12% of congeries demand in contrast to only 1. % of aggregate demand between 1930 and 1932. Furthermore, unlike the 1930s, governments have not tried to over-ride, the now much larger, automatic stabilisers. However, the cognize of the 1930s has not effectively militated upon the policy makers of the Eurozone, where a dramatic collapse in employment and living standards has mirrored the Great Depression. Like the Gold Standard, the Euro was unbalanced from its inception as the weaker economies joined at a relatively high rate of exchange on the premise of avoiding inflation.The gap in competitiveness has widened due to Germany suppressing nominal wages much more effectively than the rest of the Eurozone. Easy credit provided to encircling(prenominal) areas by German banks created markets for German exports and saddled those areas with debt. Monetary and fiscal policy has focused on creating an international currency to rival the dollar. Consequently, monetary policy has targeted inflation through low interest rates. As monetary policy is unitary, the peripheral economies are denied the opportunity to reflate their economies.Furthermore, unlike other major advanced economies since the crisis began, the Eurozone has required that Fiscal policy be placed under tight constraints via the Fiscal Stability Pact. The retrenching of the crisis on to sovereigns has exposed a central weakness of the Eurozone project. The ECB supports banks but lacks the power to support states. Similar to the deflation that was necessary under the Gold Standard, the peripheral econ omies of the Eurozone are locked into a mutually reinforcing cycle of debt and austerity.Having pursued national self-interest from the euros inception, Vines argues Germany is unwilling to provide the hegemonic leadership that its responsibilities in Europe require of it. Though, Lapavitas et al argue that abandoning fiscal discipline would be incompatible with the avowed aim of maintaining a currency that attempts to compete with the dollar. The value of the euro would probably fall, destroying the large Eurozone banks ability to absorb internationally. If German policy has followed narrow self-interest to the detriment of others, it has not been alone. China has held down their exchange rates over a long period of time.It is astray estimated that Chinese currency is 30% to 40% overvalued. Martin Wolf of the Financial Times has asserted that Chinese interventions to keep the exchange rate down are equivalent analytically to trade protectionism. Judging by its reserves it has kep t its exchange rate down to a degree unmatched in economic history. States have also been quick to ring-fence assets in their own jurisdiction. For example, the fear of the imminent collapse of the Icelandic banks led UK supervisors to resort to using the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act to ring fence Icelandic bank assets in the UK.Claessens et al point out that in general, national interventions have been uncoordinated and driven by pure national interest. However, the major international banks have co-ordinated massive injections of liquidity into the system at various points. Moreover, protectionism has not been a feature of the current crisis in the way that it was during the coarse depression. look has shown that only 2% of falls in world trade in 2008-9, can be attributed to trade barriers. This can be primarily attributed to the system of flexible exchange rates, the lessons learnt from the great depression and the system of trade rules overseen the WTO.As of yet fo llowing the great financial crisis, there has not been significant banking reform. Attempts at co-ordinated international regulation have proved difficult. The former governor of the Bank of England Mervyn King attributes this to the heightened awareness that global banks are global in life and national in death. The draft proposals for the Basel III accords put forward some significant reforms which were ultimately watered down. Key elements such as a mandatory countercyclical capital buffer were omitted from the final agreement.Although the accords raised the minimum capital requirements, they are still held by many economists to be too low. Attempts at reform including the Dodds-Frank Act have not addressed the problem of Too Big to Fail Banks (whose size necessitates that they be bailed out in the event of insolvency due to the systemic risk that they pose). A spot of moral hazard thereby exists where banks know they can engage in any risky behaviour they like. If anything sho uld go wrong they know they will be bailed out by the state.In summary, the response to the Great Financial Crisis has differed from the Great Depression as a result of the increased understanding of macroeconomics. The scale of the policy response to the Great Financial Crisis would have been unthinkable during the Great Depression era. Despite the unprecedented response, the economic crisis that began with the financial crisis in 2007-8 is far from over and many problems remain. In the advanced economies, growth has been weak and fears of a triple dip recession persist. The Great Depression precipitated a reappraisal of policy by policymakers and resulted in huge changes in policy.This has not happened so far to the same extent in response to the Great Financial Crisis. Many of the policy mistakes of the Great Depression have been avoided. The challenge now is to construct a macroeconomic framework that can aid the recovery and eventually facilitate a new period of economic expan sion. The change in policies as a result of the Great Depression had some success in this respect. Banking regulation proved inadequate prior to both crises. In response to the Great Financial Crisis, this has yet to be rectified. This time policymakers will have to tackle the issue of too big to fail banks.In the Eurozone, Germany has interpreted on the role of both the US and France during the Great Depression by failing to shore up weaker areas and by pursuing policies to the detriment of everybody else. During the Great Depression, the most important factor in the recovery was the abandonment of the Gold Standard. The countries that devalued in 1931 performed much better than those who had continued with exchange controls. The cost of reverting back to a national currency makes leaving the Euro and devaluing a less viable option for the Eurozone states. Bibliography Barrell, R. and Holland, D. Monetary and Fiscal Responses to the stinting Downturn, National Institute Economic s urveil, No. 211, (Jan 2010) pp. 51-62. Bernanke, B. , Nonmonetary Effects of the Financial Crises in the Propagation of the Great Depression, American Economic check up on (June 1983), pp. 257-76. Bordo, M. and Landon-Lane, J. , The banking panics in the United States in the 1930s some lessons for today, Oxford recapitulation of Economic constitution, Vol. 26, No. 3, (2010), pp. 486509. Calomiris, C. and Mason, J. , Consequences of Bank Distress during the Great Depression, American Economic Review, Vol. 93, (2003a), pp. 93747.Calomiris, C. , Monetary Policy and the Behavior of Banks Lessons from the 1930s for the 2010s. 28th March 2011. Accessed 16th December 2011. www. economics21. org/files/pdfs/in-depth /calomiris-spring-11. pdf Claessens, S. , dellAriccia, G. , Igan, D. , and Laeven, L. , Lessons and Policy Implications from the Global Financial Crisis, IMF Working Paper, No. 14 (2010). Cole, H. and Ohanian, L. , New Deal Policies and the Persistence of the Great Depression A General Equilibrium abbreviation, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis seek Department, Working Paper No. 597, (July 2000). Crafts, N. nd Fearon, P. , Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, (2010), pp. 285317. Epstein, G. , and Ferguson, T. , Monetary Policy, Loan Liquidation, and Industrial deviation The Federal Reserve and the Open Market Operations of 1932, diary of Economic tale (December 1984), pp. 957-83. Fishback, P. , US Monetary and Fiscal Policy in the 1930s, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, (2010), pp. 385413. Friedman, M. and Schwartz, A. , A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960 (Princeton Princeton University Press, 1963).Goldstein, M. , Integrating Reform of Financial Regulation with Reform of the planetary Monetary System, Peterson Institute for International Economics, Working Paper No. 11-5 (February 2011). Irwin, D. , Trade Policy Disaster Lessons from the 1930s (Cambridge MIT P ress, 2011). Kee, H. L. , Neagu, C. , and Nicita, A. , Is Protectionism on the spread out? Assessing National Trade Policies during the Crisis of 2008, World Bank Policy question Working Paper No. 5274, (2010). Keen, S. , Empirical and theoretical reasons why the GFC is not behind us. 13th June 2010.Accessed 16th December 2011. http//www. debtdeflation. com/blogs/2010/06/13/empirical-and-theoretical-reasons-why-the-gfc-is-not-behind-us/ Keynes, J. M. , An Economic Analysis of Unemployment, From Q. Wright (ed. ), Unemployment as a World Problem, (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1931). Lapavitsas, C. , Kaltenbrunner, A. , Lindo, D. , Michell, J. , Painceira, J. P. , Pires, E. , Powell, J. , Stenfors, J. , and Teles, N. , Eurozone crisis beggar thyself and thy neighbour, daybook of Balkan and Near east Studies, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2010), pp. 321-373. Hannah, L. , and Temin, P. 2010), Long-term Supply-side Implications of the Great Depression, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 56180 Helleiner, E. and Pagliari, S. , The End of an Era in International Financial Regulation? A Postcrisis interrogation Agenda, International Organization, Vol. 65, (Winter 2011), pp. 169200 Vines, D. , The Global Macroeconomic Crisis and G20 Macroeconomic Policy Coordination, The daybook of Applied Economic Research, Vol. 4, No. 2, (2010) pp. 157-175. Vines, D. , Fiscal Policy in the Eurozone After the Crisis, Paper prepared for lunchtime talk at Macro Economy Research Conference on Fiscal Policy in he Post Crisis World, (Tokyo, 16 November, 2010). Wheelock, D. , Monetary Policy in the Great Depression What the Fed Did, and why, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, Vol. 74, No. 2, (March/April 1992) pp. 3-28. White, E. N. (1986), Before the GlassSteagall Act An Analysis of the Investment-banking Activities of National Banks, Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 23, pp. 3355. Wicker, E. , Federal Reserve Monetary Policy, 1917-1933 (Random House, 1966). Wo lf, M. ,Why Chinas Exchange Rate Policy Concerns Us, Financial Times (8th of December 2009)Wray, L. R. , The rise and fall of money manager capitalism a Minskian approach, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 33, (2009) pp. 807828. Yu, Y. , Chinas Policy Responses to the Global Financial Crisis, Richard Snape Lecture, Productivity Commission, Melbourne (25th November 2009). &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 1 . N. Crafts and P. Fearon, Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, (2010), pp. 287 2 . J. M. Keynes, An Economic Analysis of Unemployment, from Q. Wright (ed. , Unemployment as a World Problem, (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1931). 3 . C. Calomiris and J. Mason, Consequences of Bank Distress during the Great Depression, American Economic Review, Vol. 93, (2003a), pp. 93747 4 . M. Friedman and A. Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960, (Princeton Princeton Uni versity Press, 1963) 5 . M. Bordo and J. Landon-Lane, The Banking Panics in the United States in the 1930s Some Lessons for Today, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, (2010), pp. 486509 6 . G. Epstein and T.Ferguson, Monetary Policy, Loan Liquidation, and Industrial Conflict The Federal Reserve and the Open Market Operations of 1932, Journal of Economic History (December 1984), pp. 957-83. 7 . P. Fishback, US Monetary and Fiscal Policy in the 1930s, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, (2010), p. 394. 8 . E. Wicker, Federal Reserve Monetary Policy, 1917-1933, (Random House, 1966) 9 . Crafts and Fearon, Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression, p. 292 10 . Calomiris and Mason, Consequences of Bank Distress during the Great Depression, pp. 93747 11 .Crafts and Fearon, Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression, pp. 291-3 12 . Fishback, US Monetary and Fiscal Policy in the 1930s, pp. 401-5 13 . Cole and Ohanian, New Deal Policies and the Persistence of t he Great Depression A General Equilibrium Analysis, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Research Department, Working Paper No. 597, (July 2000), p. 41. 14 . Ibid. pp. 294-5 15 . Crafts and Fearon, Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression, pp. 295 16 . D. Irwin, Trade Policy Disaster Lessons from the 1930s, (Cambridge MIT Press, 2011) Ch. 1 17 . Ibid. , Ch. 4 18 .Crafts and Fearon, Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression, pp. 304-5 19 . E. White, Before the GlassSteagall Act An Analysis of the Investment-banking Activities of National Banks, Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 23, (1986), pp. 3355. 20 . C. Calomiris, Monetary Policy and the Behavior of Banks Lessons from the 1930s for the 2010s. 28th March 2011. Accessed 16th December 2011. www. economics21. org/files/pdfs/in-depth /calomiris-spring-11. pdf 21 . L. Hannah and P. Temin, (2010), Long-term Supply-side Implications of the Great Depression, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. , (2010), pp. 56180 22 . White, Before the GlassSteagall Act An Analysis of the Investment-banking Activities of National Banks, pp. 3355. 23 . L. Wray, The Rise and Fall of Money Manager Capitalism A Minskian Approach, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 33, (2009) pp. 813 24 . Bernanke, B. , Nonmonetary Effects of the Financial Crises in the Propagation of the Great Depression, American Economic Review (June 1983), pp. 257-76. 25 . R. Barrell and D. Holland, Monetary and Fiscal Responses to the Economic Downturn, National Institute Economic Review, No. 211, (Jan 2010) p. 56 26 . Y.Yu, Chinas Policy Responses to the Global Financial Crisis, Richard Snape Lecture, Productivity Commission, Melbourne (25th November 2009) pp. 9-10 27 . S. Keen, Empirical and theoretical reasons why the GFC is not behind us. 13th June 2010. Accessed 16th December 2011 28 . C. Lapavitsas et al, Eurozone crisis beggar thyself and thy neighbour, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2010), p. 367 29 . D. Vines, Fiscal Policy in the Eurozone After the Crisis, Paper prepared for lunchtime talk at Macro Economy Research Conference on Fiscal Policy in the Post Crisis World, (Tokyo, 16 November, 2010). 30 . Lapavitsas et al, Eurozone crisis beggar thyself and thy neighbour, p. 367 31 . D. Vines, The Global Macroeconomic Crisis and G20 Macroeconomic Policy Coordination, The Journal of Applied Economic Research, Vol. 4, No. 2, (2010) pp. 157-175 32 . M. Wolf, Why Chinas Exchange Rate Policy Concerns Us, Financial Times (8th of December 2009) 33 . S. Claessens et al, Lessons and Policy Implications from the Global Financial Crisis, IMF Working Paper, No. 14 (2010) p. 16 34 . L. Kee et al, Is Protectionism on the Rise?Assessing National Trade Policies during the Crisis of 2008, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5274, (2010), p. 3 35 . E. Helleiner and S. Pagliari, The End of an Era in International Financial Regulation? A Postcrisis Research Agenda, International Organiz ation, Vol. 65, (Winter 2011), p. 184 36 . M. Goldstein, Integrating Reform of Financial Regulation with Reform of the International Monetary System, Peterson Institute for International Economics, Working Paper No. 11-5 (February 2011), pp. 5-7. 37 . Crafts and Fearon, Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression, pp. 311

The Inclusion of Sex Education in the School Curriculum

During high school years our minds have the greatest development. And whatever we have learned in high school we uses that knowledge to help us move on through college. At the high school be on teenagers experiments different changes in their minds, bodies. A sometimes question comes up that at what age children should know closely the sex. To the answer to that question is I believe at the age of 13-14 children and High School kids.High school should be teaching teenagers about different aspects of life, especially sex. A majority student does not notice any sex education at home. Usually parents just ignore or avoid this kind of discussion or topic. So, that is why high school should teach students about sex.Since parents ignore giving knowledge about sex to their children, legion(predicate) of them turn to having unprotected sex because they are not educated about the matter. Their eyes are blind about the sex. Teenagers go to parties, they get drunk and they get involved phys ically with opposite sex. No one ever taught them to have protected sex. So females ends up getting pregnant.So, they would choose to have an abortion. Which is a actually big debatable issue. Moreover, even if they not ends up getting pregnant some of the partners might have an aid and then they would get that aids. This could prevent by giving children some or more knowledge about sex. Since patents do not teach their children then sex education should be a live part of a high school education. Personally, I believe that by giving students knowledge about sex in high school allow for help prevent teenage pregnancies and even the spread of disease such as aids. The out come would be save lives.In short, as parents we should back down the High School and encourage them to teach our children about sex life. If parents were willing to educate their children at home then there would be no wishing for sex education. However, most of parents ignore sex topic and they would not prefe r to discuss this topic in the family. Since the sex education does not exist at most of the homes, then there should be a need for sex education besides home, which is school.